How to raise a child Essay

Amy Chua’s article â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers are Superior† appeared in the Wall Street Journal on January 8, 2011. When this article was published the controversy began. One article in argument to Amy Chua’s was James Bernard Murphy’s article â€Å"In Defense of Being a Kid† which also appeared in the Wall Street Journal on February 9, 2011. Murphy contends by stating Amy Chua’s method of how to raise a child will do nothing but turn children into neurotic, self-absorbed and unhappy adults. James Murphy, author of â€Å"In Defense of Being a Kid† and professor of government at Dartmouth College argues that children should live childhood and enjoy childhood innocence, not be pressured or forced to prepare for their adulthood and the pressure that comes with it. â€Å"Part of the point of childhood is childhood itself. ‘ (Summers 279) Childhood takes up a quarter of one’s life and it would be nice if children enjoyed it. Murphy continues to explain what the unique blessings of childhood are. First, children have a gift of moral innocence, children are unaware of what is to come in their future and the burdens, and therefore they put their trust in us fully. Children are open to new adventures and unaware of time thus cannot be wasted. We as adults forget that most of us produced our best art, asked our deepest philosophical questions, and most readily mastered new gadgets when were children. We as parents need to take a step back from teaching our children and realize how much we can learn from them. Murphy uses emotion when he states â€Å"children are people with distinctive powers and joy. † He realizes what children are capable of if they are given space to imagine and explore ideas of the world that we have forgotten. Murphy thinks like a child and is defending their youth. It is important to know when to give a child space to allow them to become an individual. In defense Murphy argues, â€Å"most of us would like Tom’s childhood followed by Mill’s adulthood. But as parents we are stuck with trying to balance the paradoxical demands of both preparing our children for adulthood and protecting them from it. † The article seems to indicate you can’t have that childhood and young adulthood. I disagree because that is exactly how I grew up. Yes we did have responsibilities on the farm, but when chores were done we did what we wanted to do. We were taught what was right and what was wrong. I believe if you are raised with good morals, respect for yourself and others you can be very successful. I feel the drive to succeed comes from a supportive family and the want to be successful at what you love to do, not what you are forced to do. Murphy uses logic with the comparison of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle and Jesus. Two of which did not have the same beliefs of children. I disagree with Aristotle when he said â€Å"no child is happy†, the only time a child is happy is when they have thoughts of the achievements as an adult. When a child is given space it gives them the opportunity to imagine, to think outside of the box and capable for intellectual activity. We have to encourage and embrace their uniqueness and imagination or as Jesus did praise our children. I strongly agree with Murphy’s fourth thought, â€Å"We forget that most of us produced our best art, asked our deepest philosophical questions, and most readily mastered new gadgets when we were mere children. † (Murphy 279) As children we are more carefree and have less sense of our surroundings and what people think of us. We are eager to learn and curious about adulthood but should not be rushed to become one. I believe in realizing the capacity of a child, you need to know their capabilities and their limits. Work Citied Behrens, Laurence, and Leonard J, Rosen. Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. 12th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2013. Print

Eternal Love Through Death in John Keats Bright Star Essay

Love, being one of the most debated topics in literature, often serves as a source of inspirations for many of writers and poets, including John Keats. Throughout his life, he wrote countless love poems and letters, addressing his lover – Fanny Brawne. The star, apart from being the symbol of steadfastness and constancy, it is also a metaphor representing Keats himself. Through Keats’ idea of â€Å"Mansion of life†, the poem is consisted of two floors where the first floor displays his passionate love for Brawne while the second floor talks about his inner desire for death. Keats first expresses his ideal, however paradoxical love. There are two essential yet conflicting qualities in this poem – the reality verses the ideal and the immortal verses the mortal. On one hand, he would like to be like a star, steadfast and unchanging. On the other, he dislikes the solitude of the star as it has to watch â€Å"the moving waters† and â€Å"the new soft-fallen mask/Of snow† from afar like a â€Å"sleepless Eremite†. He continues to state that if he â€Å"has to live ever†, he would rather â€Å"pillow’d upon my fair love’s ripening breast†. The ideas to be eternal and to love simultaneously do not go hand in hand. To love, one has to be human and therefore not an immortal, steadfast star. In the last line of the poem, Keats acknowledges that he would like to â€Å"live ever† in love, but he has to be human in order to experience love, which hints that the love between Keats and Brawne will not last and will eventually fade away as time goes by. The other possible alternative to immortalize their love is â€Å"swoon to death†. One of Keats’ letters from 3 May 1818 to Fanny Brawne echoes the idea of â€Å"swooning† and it says â€Å"†¦I love you; all I can bring you is a swooning admiration of your Beauty.†(Poet.org) This can be interpreted that he wants to die while experiencing intense, ecstatic love or according to the letter, overwhelmed by her beauty. While I was reading Bright Star, I could not help but catch the similarity between Keats and Shakespeare’s idea of love. In the opening of Shakespeare’s sonnet 116, â€Å"Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments. Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove: O no! it is an ever-fixed mark That looks on tempests and is never shaken; It is the star to every wandering bark, Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken.† (Shakespeare) Shakespeare talks about his ideal love and marriage. Keats, being a reader of Shakespeare, is in some way affected or inspired by him. Shakespeare describes love as an â€Å"ever-fixed marks† that â€Å"is never shaken† even in the wildest storms. Keats transformed Shakespeare’s â€Å"ever-fixed† into steadfastness. Keats then moves on to talk about a more sexual and sensuous love. With more explicit descriptions of â€Å"my [his] fair love’s† body parts, those descriptions hint the idea of sex and orgasm. He imagines himself â€Å"pilliow’d upon my fair love’s ripening breast†. The word â€Å"ripening† gives a notion of youth, implicating that the lady is young and energetic. Keats also describes the rising and falling of her chest when she takes her â€Å"tender-taken breath†. If he could, he would â€Å"so live ever†. However, it is impossible to live forever and the only solution would be â€Å"swoon to death†. Keats did not explicitly tell the readers what it means to be â€Å"swoon to death† and leave us a lot of room for imaginations. The word â€Å"swoon† and other erotic images of the lady’s body parts bring us to the subtext of the poem – sex. La petite mort is a French idiom or euphemism for org asm, meaning little death. According to Oxford Dictionaries, â€Å"swoon† means â€Å"to enter a state of ecstasy or rapture†. Whether he intended to talk about sex at the end of the poem is still indefinable as we have no idea of what Keats was thinking when he wrote the poem. Though Keats did not write any overly sexual poetry, there is always a strong erotic indication in many of his works. If the sexual subtext is intended in the poem, I believe that it creates a nice denouement to the poem. Keats’ obsession with death and his love for Fanny are intertwined seamlessly throughout the poem. In one of his letters, he states â€Å"I have two luxuries to brood over in my walks, your loveliness and the hour of my death† (Poet.org). Not only is Keats intimidated by death, to some extent he is also intrigued by it. Even though he is worried about the approaching death, to him the promise of death is comforting and soothing. The only resolution to achieve the paradoxical ideal of being eternal as well as experiencing love is death. Through death, immutability and steadfastness can be achieved. Keats has seen many people died in his lifetime. His father died when he was eight; his mother died from tuberculosis when he was 14; his brother Tom died also from tuberculosis when he was 19. Along with his family’s deaths, he has also seen a lot of patients died as he was also a medical student. Therefore, constantly seeing people die in a way reminds him of the tran sience and the mutability of life. There are some religious references in the second quatrain of the poem. All these references, other than conveying the loneliness and the solitude of the star, also illustrate his longing for the promising death. The poem was written in 1819, the same year when Keats contracted with tuberculosis. The word â€Å"ablution† is heavily loaded with connotations, both religion and about death. From the Oxford Dictionary, â€Å"ablution† refers to the washing or cleansing of the body†. In Christianity, there are different forms of ablution and one of them is the preparation before the burial of a dead person. Here Keats is hinting that his death is near and the priest will cleans his body after his death with â€Å"the moving waters†. Further Keats also mentions the â€Å"soft-fallen mask/Of snow† in the following two lines. Seasons always act as symbols of different stages of human life in literature. Spring refers to birth or new beginning; summer means m aturity; autumn represents old age while winter symbolizes death. In line 7-8, with â€Å"the mountains and moors† covered in snow, such explicit image suggests that death is approaching. Though death is coming, Keats is not browbeaten. Yet, he is fascinated with death as it helps him to accomplish the co-existence of eternity and love. Bright Star is a poem that can be read on many different levels. To me, the poem is not merely a declaration of his ardent love for Fanny Brawne. It is also an expressive lyric poem addressing his awe as well as obsession with death. The main themes of the poem are smoothly woven together and this showcases Keats’ expressiveness and his wit. Works Cited Keats, John. Bright Star. n.d. Oxford Dictionaies. Oxford Dictionaries. . Poet.org. Selected Love Letters to Fanny Brawne by John Keats. 17 October 2013 .

A Study on Funeral Rites Workers in Tamil Nadu

In the Hindu religion, the death of a person is followed by many rituals which have to be carefully attended to in order to pay the deceased person the last respects. Unlike many other cultures, which will either bury or burn the dead, the Hindu tradition believes in cremating the dead. This goes back to the belief that the human body is made up of the five elements earth, water, fire, air and space and shall return to those five elements after death. This happens much faster when cremated than when buried and is thus the better way to dispose of the dead body with respect and dignity to the deceased person. The Last Rites: When a person dies, the family and relatives prepare the dead body before taking it to the crematorium. For this they first wash the body and gather firewood to burn it. To prepare the wood, they take some sand and cow dung from nearby, mix it with water and paste it onto the wood. Often the family members will also put rice in the mouth of the dead person, symbolically showing the unity of the family; for the family members have taken care of that person and provided him with food while he was alive and will do so even after he is dead. They also use some dried leaves to put them with some more firewood on the body. According to the Hindu customs and tradition, the youngest son cremates the father and the eldest son does the same for the mother. The main work of the cremator is to attend to the dead bodies until they have fully burnt to ashes, with only the bones remaining whole. After the body is fully burnt, the cremators send a message to the family members and the sons will sacrifice their hair in order to pay their respects to the deceased person. Again, the younger son will let his hair be cut if the father died and the elder son if the mother died. To pay the barber for cutting the hair, each family member throws some money in a white cloth, which is then given to the barber. Three days after the cremation the family members sprinkle milk on the ashes and the remaining bones. This symbolizes finishing the circle of life and death. The human being has started his life with drinking milk and shall end it with milk too. Dark Uses: An interesting fact about the cremation was the use of the distilled blood which remains after the body is fully burnt. The thick, dark liquid is often collected by people for purposes of black magic use. This concentrated blood is then mixed with the blood of a cat, monkey, snake, dog and donkey and put on a cloth, which is then burned to obtain black ink with strong magical powers. People usually use the blood in order to obtain the love of the person they want to marry. For this purpose the black magicians will write the name of the person they want to marry with this black ink on a piece of paper and burn it in a copper plate. To make sure this will affect the right person, the person using black magic writes down the names of all the family members too. This is believed to succeed under all circumstances. The last Vettiyans: A musical tradition and a degraded low caste profession: As the feudal, caste-based organization of labor in village India has given way to capitalist market forces and wage labor relations, traditional low caste professions are beginning to disappear. One of these professions is the inherited, highly stigmatized office of funeral drummer and graveyard attendant, called Vettiyans. In Tranquebar, only one person from the Paraiyar caste is still serving as vettiyan, and even he dreams about a better future for his son. This article examines the gradual disappearance of the Vettiyans profession in Tranquebar and the neighboring villages in relation to the general changes in the economic, social, and symbolic status of the low castes. It looks into the ambiguous symbolic meanings of drums and drumming, and compares the Vettiyans profession to that of other drummers and musicians from the Paraiyar caste. The article focuses on the subtle cultural encounters between people, who belong to the same caste and share almost similar cultural backgrounds, but still define each other as ‘others’. It argues that the few remaining Vettiyans are used by their Paraiyar caste fellows as symbolic repositories of the negative, degrading connotations of untouchability and impurity that are still associated with their existence and which they vehemently strive to escape. The last remaining Vettiyans in Tranquebar also dreams of a better future for his son free from the regular abuses at the funeral ceremonies of mainly the fishermen community and from the social isolation at home in the Paraiyar street. He is therefore determined to be the very last Vettiyans in Tranquebar, despite the fact that his teenage son is a very talented tappu player, who often goes along with his father to play at local funerals. If the Vettiyans son manages to find an alternative source of livelihood, the Vettiyans profession will completely disappear in Tranquebar and with that a distinct musical tradition, which for centuries has been closely associated with the cultural and artistic traditions of the Paraiyar caste. Do you know that there are significant differences in the funeral customs among lower and upper caste families? I am talking about funerals in Tamil Nadu villages where the old customs are still practiced (not in metropolitan areas). In the so-called upper caste families, the dead body is taken to the final resting place without much fanfare. There is usually a small or large gathering of friends and family but the funeral procession is a sober, quiet affair. On the contrary, among the so-called lower castes (or untouchables or dalits), the funeral procession is accompanied by musical instruments and much noise. Do you know the reasons for this difference? I heard the following explanation years ago from Kumari Mainthan, a rather lesser known writer-speaker but with some good and original ideas. In the bad old days, lower caste families were not allowed to celebrate their wedding functions with music and gaiety. Only the upper castes were allowed that privilege. It bothered the lower castes and they longed for some gaiety in their functions too. So they decided to conduct their funerals with music and noise. This is the root for the diversity in funeral customs between the lower and upper castes. IMPORTANCE OF VETTIYANS: Importance of Vettiyans can be clearly explained through the following case. CHENNAI: It is not an easy end, both for the dead and their relatives who arrive at the graveyard located at Ambedkar Nagar in Tambaram as there is no employee or Vettiyans to do the final rites there for many years. The graveyard, located in the 20th ward at Tambaram, is more than five decades old and is under the control of the Tambaram municipality catering to the needs of both Hindus and Christians. Absence of a Vettiyans had raised many problems among the residents as the relatives have to make the pyre or bury the body themselves that sometimes leads to improper cremation or burial. Residents claim that the bodies were cremated in odd hours especially between 4pm and 1 am, as there is no one to maintain the yard or question the people. The five-acre site is used for cremation by over 10,000 families of Ambedkar Nagar, Bharathi Nagar, Avvai Nagar, MGR Nagar, Indra Nagar and Rajaji Nagar. According to the residents, at least two to three bodies were cremated a week there. There has been no Vettiyans or a watchman to maintain the graveyard for more than 20 years. We should bury the bodies ourselves and cannot obtain a burial certificate. The worst is, at times, stray dogs drag parts of bodies even as it is in the pyre,† said 40-year-old Prakash, a resident. â€Å"Sometimes, we won’t even know if the person being cremated had a natural death or committed suicide,â₠¬  the resident quickly added. Many local youth offer to cremate the bodies and take Rs 2,000 to Rs 3,000 but they don’t stay there till it burns completely, complain people. Repeated requests to the municipality to come up with halls to perform final rites and meditation have not been yielded any result. â€Å"We have invited applications for both watchman and Vettiyans job, but none approached us. But another ground with all facilities for funeral rites is under construction at West Tambaram. That will solve the issue once it’s ready,† said Lion E Mani, President, and Tambaram Municipality. HISTORY: In the Indian subcontinent, human bodies were either exposed to the elements of nature, and to the birds, or buried in the earth, in a river, and sometimes a cave or an urn. Centuries later, cremation became the usual mode of disposal of the dead bodies, with certain exceptions – the exceptions being bodies of infants, yogis, sadhus, and a few others. Cremation became popular due to the Hindu concept of detachment of soul from the body at the time of death, and the transmigration of the soul from one body to another. Stages: Hindu funeral rites may generally be divided into four stages: * The rituals and rites to be performed when the person is believed to be on the death bed. Rites which accompany the disposal of the dead body. * Rites which enable the soul of the dead to transit successfully from the stage of a ghost (preta) to the realm of the ancestors, the Pitrs. * Rites performed in honor of the Pitrs. Process Preparation of the body Immediately after the death, family members close the mouth and eyes of the deceased, and put the arms straight. The body is placed on the floor with the feet pointing towards the south which is the direction of the dead. An il lamp is lit and placed near the body which is kept burning continuously for the first three days following death. In Hinduism, the dead body is considered to be symbol of great impurity hence minimal physical contact is maintained, perhaps to avoid the spread of infections or germs. Most often the body is bathed by purified water, and then dressed in new clothes. If the dead is male or a widow then generally white clothes are used, whereas if the dead is a married woman with her husband still alive or a young unmarried girl, then the body is dressed either in red or yellow. Sacred ash (bhasma) is applied on the forehead of the deceased if they are worshippers of Lord Shiva (Saivites), otherwise sandalwood paste is applied to the forehead, if the dead was a worshipper for Lord Vishnu (Vaishnava). Further, a few drops of the holy Ganges water may be put into the mouth of the deceased so that the soul may attain liberation, also a few leaves of the holy basil (tulsi) are placed on the right side of the dead body. The body then may be adorned with jewels, and placed lying on a stretcher, with the feet still pointing towards the south or kept in a sitting position. The stretcher is adorned with different flowers including roses, jasmine, and marigolds, and the body is almost completely covered with the flowers. Thereafter, the close relatives of the deceased person carry the stretcher on their shoulders to the cremation ground. If it is located at a distance, traditionally the stretcher is placed on a cart pulled by animals such as bullocks. Nowadays vehicles are also used. Cremation: The cremation ground is called Shmashana (in Sanskrit), and traditionally it is located near a river, if not on the river bank itself. A pyre is prepared, on which the corpse is laid with its feet facing southwards; this is so the dead person can walk in the direction of the dead. The jewels, if any, are removed. Thereafter, the chief mourner (generally the eldest son for those who have children, husband for the childless married or brother for the unmarried) walks around the pyre three times keeping the body to his left. While walking he sprinkles water and sometimes ghee onto the pyre from a vessel. He then lights a small fire inside deceaseds mouth, this is known as mukh-aagni. The pyre is then set alight with a flaming torch. The eginning of the cremation heralds the start of the traditional mourning period, which usually ends on the morning of the 13th day after death. When the fire has consumed the body, which may take several hours, the mourners return home. During this mourning period the families of the dead are bound by many rules and regulations of ritual impurity. Immediately after the cremation the enti re family is expected to have a bath. One or two days after the funeral, the chief mourner returns to the cremation ground to collect the mortal remains and put them in an urn. These remains are then immersed in a river. Those who can afford it may go to special sacred places like Varanasi, Haridwar, Allahabad, Sri Rangam, Brahmaputra on the occasion of Ashokastami and Kanya Kumari to perform this rite of immersion of mortal remains. The preta-karma is an important aspect of Hindu funeral rites, and its objective is to facilitate the migration of the soul of the dead person from the status of a preta (ghost or spirit) to the abode of the ancestors (Pitrs)[citation needed]. It is believed that if this stage of the funerary rites are not performed or are performed incorrectly, the spirit of the dead person will become a ghost (bhuta)[citation needed]. The rites generally last for ten or eleven days, at the end of which the preta is believed to join the abode of the ancestors. Thereafter, they are worshipped during the sraddha ceremonies. Manual burning: The following is a general practice in India. The body is handed over to the Government officials at the crematorium. The officials will give consent to burn the body once you produce a doctors certificate of death. The person in charge of the actual burning covers the body with wooden logs and then with dried dung cakes. The face is closed at the last minute. The karta is given burning pieces of coal and he places the coal very tenderly on the chest of the departed. Then the face is covered with cloth. The funeral party returns home after this. The person in charge takes care of the further burning. He ensures that the body is fully burnt. Electric burning: The body is kept on a bamboo frame on rails near the door of the electric chamber. The door is opened, the frame is moved, the body is put into position and the frame is pulled back. Then the operator turns the switch on. The target temperature is around 500 degrees Celsius. The chamber coils are kept on right from the morning, body or no body. It takes around an hour for the body to burn. The black smoke can be seen from the very tall chimney above the chamber. (Here also, the karta puts the burning pieces of coal on the chest of the body before the body is pushed into the chamber). The ashes are given to the karta. Again there are some mantras and work on the ground. Once over, the karta goes to a water body, such as a beach, and immerses the ashes in the water (sanjayanam). For electrical burning the body should not be bathed. Hindu Rites amp; Rituals: After the death of a family member, the relatives become involved in ceremonies for preparation of the body and a procession to the burning or burial ground. For most Hindus, cremation is the ideal method for dealing with the dead, although many groups practice burial instead; infants are buried rather than cremated. At the funeral site, in the presence of the male mourners, the closest relative of the deceased (usually the eldest son) takes charge of the final rite and, if it is cremation, lights the funeral pyre. After a cremation, ashes and fragments of bone are collected and eventually immersed in a holy river. After a funeral, everyone undergoes a purifying bath. The immediate family remains in a state of intense pollution for a set number of days (sometimes ten, eleven, or thirteen). At the end of that period, close family members meet for a ceremonial meal and often give gifts to the poor or to charities. A particular feature of the Hindu ritual is the preparation of rice balls (pinda) offered to the spirit of the dead person during memorial services. In part these ceremonies are seen as contributing to the merit of the deceased, but they also pacify the soul so that it will not linger in this world as a ghost but will pass through the realm of Yama, the god of death. CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION amp; RESEARCH METHODOLOGY GENERAL INTRODUCTION: A funeral is a ceremony of sanctifying or remembering the life of deceased person. It comprises of many complex belief and various types of practices followed by peoples of various community. This event of sanctifying or remembering is on the hands of FUNERAL RITES WORKER (VETTIYANS). It is a service motive work which involves lots of ethical values and customs on religious aspect. This work is very dangerous and hazardous work but there is no proper recognization given to them neither from society nor from government here the importance and need of this study arises. In the Hindu religion, the death of a person is followed by many rituals which have to be carefully attended to in order to pay the deceased person the last respects. Unlike many other cultures, which will either bury or burn the dead, the Hindu tradition believes in cremating the dead. This goes back to the belief that the human body is made up of the five elements earth, water, fire, air and space and shall return to those five elements after death. This happens much faster when cremated than when buried and is thus the better way to dispose of the dead body with respect and dignity to the deceased person. When a person dies, the family and relatives prepare the dead body before taking it to the crematorium. For this they first wash the body and gather firewood to burn it. To prepare the wood, they take some sand and cow dung from nearby, mix it with water and paste it onto the wood. Often the family members will also put rice in the mouth of the dead person, symbolically showing the unity of the family; for the family members have taken care of that person and provided him with food while he was alive and will do so even after he is dead. They also use some dried leaves to put them with some more firewood on the body. According to the Hindu customs and tradition, the youngest son cremates the father and the eldest son does the same for the mother. The main work of the cremator is to attend to the dead bodies until they have fully burnt to ashes, with only the bones remaining whole. After he body is fully burnt, the cremators send a message to the family members and the sons will sacrifice their hair in order to pay their respects to the deceased person. Again, the younger son will let his hair be cut if the father died and the elder son if the mother died. To pay the barber for cutting the hair, each family member throws some money in a white cloth, which is the n given to the barber. Three days after the cremation the family members sprinkle milk on the ashes and the remaining bones. This symbolizes finishing the circle of life and death. The human being has started his life with drinking milk and shall end it with milk too. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: There is a strong stigma on the Funeral Rites Worker through the ages. Most of the time they were all alone in the cremation ground and detached from the society. Though it is a dangerous and hazardous work government not provided any schemes and policies to the Funeral Rites Worker especially in rural setup. NEED OF STUDY: As per the Indian constitution Article 14 All human beings are equal in the eyes of law but these community people were highly exploited by the other people in various aspects like social, economical, political, psychological etc†¦.. Hence the need of this study arises. Definition: A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, respecting, sanctifying, or remembering the life of a person who has died. Funerary customs comprise the complex of beliefs and practices used by a culture to remember the dead, from interment itself, to various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in their honor. Customs vary widely between cultures, and between religious affiliations within cultures. The word funeral comes from the Latin funus, which had a variety of meanings, including the corpse and the funerary rites themselves. Funerary art is art produced in connection with burials, including many kinds of tombs, and objects specially made for burial with a corpse. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: * To study the status of Funeral Rites Worker (Vettiyans) SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: * To study the living condition of F. R. W (Vettiyans) * To study the livelihood conditions of the respondents * To study about the social capital of the respondents * To study the grievances in relation to the respondents * To study the government initiatives towards the respondents * To study the F. R. W in human right perspective * To study the nature of service of the respondents To study the impact of caste on F. R. W * To study the problems and issues related to respondents in various aspects like health, psychological, economical, life threat. * To study the policy and legislation frame work for F. R. W (Material culture) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: 1. FIELD OF STUDY. This study was conducted in Tiruvalangadu block, Thiruvallur district, Tamilnadu. This consists of 48 villages. 2. PILOT STUDY. The researcher done his pilot study on 18th July 2012 to know about the research area and to collect information from the local funeral rites workers of Tiruvalangadu block at Thiruvallur district. This pilot study was very much useful to know about the (FRW) i. e. in regional language VETTIYANS. This visit helped the researcher to frame the interview schedule to collect data. 3. RESEARCH DESIGN. The researcher adopted descriptive design which is used to describe more clearly about the research topic because the researcher felt that this design will help the researcher to fulfill the objectives of the research. 4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE. The samples were segregated under area sampling. The researcher selected each respondent from each village; hence it is called as area sampling. 5. TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION. Collection of data is the basis for any statistical analysis and the data collected must be accurate. Researcher adopted interview schedule to collect data. 6. SOURCES OF DATA. A. PRIMARY DATA These are the actual information’s which are received by the researcher directly from the field of research. These data’s are collected by the researcher for a specific purpose B. SECONDARY DATA Secondary data’s are available generally from the published and unpublished materials. The researcher collected data from the available books, journals, magazines, newspapers and in relevant websites. . PRE-TESTING. The pre-testing was conducted by the researcher on 6th January 2013, with 3 respondents from three villages. 8. ACTUAL DATA COLLECTION. The actual data collection starts from February 9th to 24th in Thiruvallur district, Tiruvalangadu block. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: 1. It was very difficult to collect the information from the FRW because most of the time they were using alcohol. 2. Availability of the respondents. 3. Finding the right man is too much difficult. CHAPTER – 3 ANALYSIS amp; INTREPRETATION EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDNTS TABLE 1 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF THE RESPONDNTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | ILLITERATE| 41| 77. 4| | PRIMARY EDUCATION| 8| 15. 1| | HIGHER SECONDARY| 1| 1. 9| | Total| 50| 100| | | | | | | | The above table and figure shows the educational qualification of the respondents. Almost majority of the respondents who involved in the funeral work are illiterate, i. e. 77. 4 % of the respondents were not studied at all. 15% of the respondents stopped their education in the primary level itself. Out of 50 respondents only 1 respondent studied higher secondary level. TABLE 2 MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | MARRIED| 49| 98| | WIDOW| 1| 2| | Total| 50| 100| | | | | | | | MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS This table shows the marital status of the respondents. From the above table and diagram we come to know that 98 % of the respondents were married and 2 % of the respondent is widow. TABLE 3 COMMUNITY OF THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | SC| 40| 75. 5| | ST| 10| 24. 5| | Total| 50| 100| | | | | | | | COMMUNITY OF THE RESPONDENTS This table and chart shows that 75% of the overall respondents were coming under the category of schedule caste. Remaining 25% of the respondents are schedule tribes. This chart and table helps the researcher to prove the hypothesis that the funeral rites work is seemed to be a caste based job. TABLE 4 OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENT| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | FARMER| 10| 18. 9| | COOLIE| 28| 52. 8| | LABOURERS| 12| 22. 6| | Total| 50| 100| | | | | | | | OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENT This chart helps us to find that 53% of funeral rites workers are working as a coolie. 3% of the respondents are working as a laborer and 19% of the respondents are farmers. Apart from the funeral work they are working no run their day to day life. TABLE 5 TYPE OF RESPONDENTS FAMILY| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | NUCLEAR| 48| 96. 2| | JOINT| 2| 3. 8| | Total| 50| 100| | | | | | | | TYPE OF RESPONDENTS FAMILY This table and chart shows that out of 5o respondents 48 respondents ar e living as a nuclear family. Only 2 respondents are living in joint family. TABLE 6 ANNUAL INCOME OF THE RESPONDENT| | NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | BELOW 24000| 50| 100| | | | | | | | ANNUAL INCOME OF THE RESPONDENT This table and figure clearly tells us that all the 50 respondents i. e. 100% of the respondents are earning below 24000 per annum which is very low in the present economic situation. TABLE 7 RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLE| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | HINDHU| 50| 100| | | | | | | | RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS This table and diagram shows the religion of the respondents. After data collection we come to know that all the respondents who are engaged in this cremation work are coming under Hindu religion. TABLE 8 MOTHER TOUNGE OF THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| | TAMIL| 48| 90. 6| | TELUGU| 2| 3. 8| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| MOTHER TOUNGE OF THE RESPONDENTS This table and diagram represents that the local language or the mother tongue of the respondents. The output is 48 respondents are speaking Tamil and 2 respondents speaking Telugu. TABLE 9 BOUNDNESS OF FAMILY MEMBERS OF THE RESPONDENTS| | NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 37| 69. 8| | NO| 13| 24. 5| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| BOUNDNESS OF FAMILY MEMBERS OF THE RESPONDENTS This diagram and chart represents the boundness of the family members with the respondents. After data collection we come to know that 37 respondents replied that they are having good relationship with the members of the family but rest of the respondents i. e. 13 respondents said that they are not recognized or there is no proper good relationship between the respondents and other family members. TABLE 10 NEIBHOURS RELATIONSHIP WITH RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| GOOD| 19| 35. 8| | BAD| 31| 58. 5| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. | NEIBHOURS RELATIONSHIP WITH RESPONDENTS This table implies the overall relationship of the respondents with their neighbors. The researcher come to know that 40% of the respondents only having a good relationship with their neighbors, but 60% of the respondents felt that they are not ok i. e. the relationship between them and neighbors. The same was represents in the diagram. TABLE 11 ENJOYING COM MON CELEBRATION WITH VILLAGE PEOPLES| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 7| 13. 2| | NO| 43| 81. 1| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| ENJOYING COMMON CELEBRATION WITH VILLAGE PEOPLES This table and diagram shows the respondents common celebration with the other members. It seems that only 7 respondents said that they are enjoying the common celebration in the village as like others, but 93 respondents said that they are not invited and they are not enjoying the common celebrations in the village. TABLE 12EARNINGS IN FUNERAL WORK| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| 2000 PER DEATH| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| EARNINGS IN FUNERAL WORK This table represents the income of the respondent per death for the cremation work. All the respondents said that they get Rs 2000 per death. TABLE 13 SATISFACTION OF THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 37| 69. 8| | NO| 13| 24. 5| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| SATISFACTION OF THE RESPONDENTS This table and diagram shows the satisfactory level of the respondents who are engaged in the funeral work. 37 respondents said that they are satisfied with the present occupation and 13 respondents are not satisfied in this work. TABLE 14 RESPONDENTS ENGAGED IN ASSOCIATION| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 11| 20. 8| | NO| 39| 73. 6| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| RESPONDENTS ENGAGED IN ASSOCIATION This table and diagram shows that respondents membership in association. 11 respondents are engaged in the associations. 39 respondents are not engaged in any kind of association. TABLE 15BENEFITS RECIVED FROM THE ASSOCIATION| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| FEES FOR CHILDREN| 3| 5. 7| | INSURANCE SCHEME| 5| 9. 4| | ACCIDENT CHARGES| 3| 5. 7| | NO| 39| 73. 6| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| BENEFITS RECIVED FROM THE ASSOCIATION This table represents the benefits received by the respondents from the associations. Only 11 respondents received benefits. Out of 11 respondents 3 respondents received fees for their children education from the society. 5 respondents received insurance from the association. 3 respondents received accident compensatation charges from the association. TABLE 16 AVAILING GOVERNMENT SUPPORT| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| NO| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| AVAILING GOVERNMENT SUPPORT This table represents the availability or support of government to the respondents. All the respondents said i. e. 100% of the respondents said that they are not getting any support from the government. TABLE 17 COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| WELLS| 20| 37. 7| | LAKES| 19| 35. 8| | PONDS| 11| 20. 8| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES This table represents the usage of common property resource of the village by the respondents. All the respondents replied that they are using the common properties of the village like wells, lakes, ponds etc TABLE 18PROBLEMS FACED BY THE RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| VOMITING| 13| 24. 5| | FIRE ACCIDENTS| 23| 43. 4| | RESPIRATORY PROBLEM| 10| 18. 9| | COUGH| 3| 5. 7| | OTHERS| 1| 1. 9| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| PROBLEMS FACED BY THE RESPONDENTS This table shows the risk faced by the respondents in funeral work. All the respondents said that they faced some kind of risks. 13 respondents said that they will get vomiting sensatation while engaged in the funeral work. 23 respondents faced fire accidents. 10 respondents having respiratory problem. 3 respondents having cough. TABLE 19 RESPONDENTS UNDERGONE TREATMENT| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| RESPONDENTS UNDERGONE TREATMENT This table represents the respondent’s undergone treatment for the health problems while engaged in the cremation work. All the respondents i. e. 100 % of the respondents undergone treatment. TABLE 20 PLACE OF TREATMENT| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| PHC| 24| 45. 3| | G. H| 26| 49. 1| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| PLACE OF TREATMENT This table shows the place of treatment where the respondents undergone the treatment. 45% of the respondent’s undergone treatment in the public health centers. 55% of the respondents undergone the treatment in the government hospital. TABLE 21 AWARNES ABOUT INFERIOR JOB| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 28| 52. 8| | NO| 22| 41. 5| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| AWARNES ABOUT INFERIOR JOB This table represents the awareness level of the respondents. 53% of the respondents said that they know that this cremation work is the inferior job. 7% of the respondents said that they don’t know that this is the inferior job. TABLE 22 AWARNESS LEVEL ABOUT BASIC WORK OF HUMAN BEINGS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 17| 32. 1| | NO| 33| 62. 3| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| AWARNESS LEVEL ABOUT BASIC WORK OF HUMAN BEINGS This table represents the awareness level of the respond ents. 32% of the respondents said that they know that this cremation work is the basic work for human beings. 68% of the respondents said that they don’t know that this is the basic work for human beings. TABLE 23 AWARNESS LEVEL FRW IS WEPON TO SAFEGUARD THE BELIFS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 20| 37. 7| | NO| 30| 56. 6| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| AWARNESS LEVEL FRW IS WEPON TO SAFEGUARD THE BELIFS This table represents the awareness level of the respondents. 38% of the respondents said that they know that this cremation work is a weapon to safeguards the beliefs of the traditions of the family. 52% of the respondents said that they don’t know that this is a weapon to safeguards the beliefs of the traditions of the family. TABLE 24 NEW GENERATION RESPECTING FRW| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 26| 49. 1| | NO| 24| 45. 3| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| NEW GENERATION RESPECTING FRW This table represents the relationship between the respondents and the new young generation peoples. 49% of the respondents said that there is a good relationship between them and new young generation. They said that they are also respecting them. 51% of the respondents said that there is a no good relationship between them and new young generation. They said that they are also not respecting them. TABLE 25 DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS RESPONDENTS| VARIABLES| NO. OF. RESPONDENTS| Percent| Valid| YES| 29| 54. 7| | NO| 21| 39. 6| | Total| 50| 94. 3| Missing| System| 3| 5. 7| Total| 53| 100. 0| DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS RESPONDENTS This table and diagram represents the level of discrimination faced by the respondents by other members. 55% of the respondents said that they faced discrimination in the society. 45% of the respondents said that they didn’t face any discrimination in the society. Chapter – 4 Main findings MAIN FINDINGS: 1. It was found that 78% of the cremation workers are illiterate. 2. Almost 95% of the funeral rites workers are married. 3. It seems that 100% of the respondents who are engaged in the cremation work are coming under the schedule caste and schedule tribes caste. 4. All the cremation workers are engaged in the additional occupation to meet their day to day life expenses. 5. Majority of the funeral rite worker are engaged as a coolie to earn additional income. 6. All most majority of the funeral rites worker i. e. 97 % of the cremation worker living as a nuclear family. 7. Majority of the funeral workers are earning below 24000 per annum. . Most of the cremation workers are following the Hindu religion. 9. After proper and systematic analysis we come to know that Almost 30% of the respondents’ families are not supporting them or we can say that there is no proper boundness between them. 10. Almost 59% of the respondents are not supported by the neighbors. 11. Funeral rites workers are not allowed to engage in the common celebration of the village. 12. 74% of the cremation workers are not engaged in any kind of association. 13. Government is not considering these people as human beings. Government is also not providing any kind of support to them. 4. All the cremation workers are highly affected by the health problems. 15. Funeral rites workers are not getting any safety measures due to this they are spending their major portion of income for medical expenses. 16. Based on the analysis this cremation work is caste based occupations. 17. There is no proper reorganization to these peoples since this job is the basic work for human beings and it safeguards the customs and belief. 18. Casteism plays a vital role in this job. 19. Finally we can say that they are the poorest of the poorer Chapter – 5 Suggestions and conclusion SUGGESTIONS: 1. Government should look after these people, who are engaged in the inferior job. It is the responsibility of the government to take care of each and every individual in the society, but the whole cremation workers community is suffering a lot. 2. Government should impose some laws to safeguard the funeral rites workers. 3. Special allowances, schemes, policies should be implemented to protect the funeral rites workers. 4. Government should properly supply the required materials which are required for the cremation work. 5. All the cremation grounds should come under the surveillance of the local supervisor or local authority. . Government should provide proper medical facilities and free health checkups to the cremation workers because it is highly hazardous job. 7. Severe punishments should be given to the general public who are discriminating the funeral rites worker. 8. Government should introduce some income generation program to the cremation workers to meet their daily expenses because it is a low income job. 9. Being this job is safeguarding the customs and beliefs of the traditional and cultural families, but the payment which is given to the cremation worker is very low. So government should increase and standardized the charges to support the cremation workers. 10. More number of associations must be formed. Funeral rites workers should take necessary steps to appeal any kind of support from the government or government supported agencies. 11. Ngo’s should come up to work for the welfare of the funeral rites workers. 12. Fixed salaries and uniforms should be provided to the funeral rites workers. APPENDIX A STUDY ON STATUS OF FUNERAL RITES WORKERS IN THIRUVALLUR DISTICT TIRUVALANGADU BLOCKS TAMILNADU- 631210 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE DEMOGRAPIC DETAILS: 1. NAME: . AGE: 3. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: A) ILLITRATE B) PRIMARY C) HIGHER SECONDARY D) UG/ PG E) OTHERS 4. MARITIAL STATUS: A) MARRIED B) SINGLE C) WIDOW D) OTHERS 5. COMMUNITY: A) SC/ST B) BC C) OC D) FC E) OTHERS 6. OCCUPATION: A) FARMER B) COOLIE C) LABOURERS D) BUSINESS E) OTHERS 7. TYPE OF FAMILY: A) NUCLEAR B) JOINT C) EXTENDED D) OTHERS 8. FAMILY DETAILS: S. NO| NAME amp;RELATIONSHIP WIT H HOF| AGE| QUALIFICATION| OCCUPATION| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. ANNUAL INCOME: SOCIAL CONDITIONS: 10. WHAT RELIGION YOU FOLLOW A) HINDHU B) MUSLIM C) CHRISTIAN D) BUDHIST E) OTHERS 11. WHAT IS YOUR MOTHER TOUNGUE: 12. IS YOUR FAMILY MEMBERS ARE CLOSE TO YOU A) YES B) NO 13. IF NO WHY? 14. HOW IS YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH YOUR NEIBHOURS B) GOOD B) BAD C) SATISFIED D) NOT SATISFIED 15. HAVE YOU ENJOY JOINING THE COMMON CELEBRATION IN THE AREA WITH ALL THE PEOPLE A) YES B) NO 16. IF NO WHY? SOCIAL CAPITAL: 17. HOW MUCH YOU EARN IN FUNERAL WORK A) 1000 B) 2000 C) MORE THAN 2000 18. HOW MUCH ARE YOU EARNING IN OTHER ADDITIONAL OCCUPATION: 19. DO YOU SATISFIED WITH YOUR PRESENT OCCUPATION C) YES B) NO 20. IF NO, WHY? SOCIAL SUPPORT: 1. ARE YOU ENGAGED WITH ANY ASSOCIATION A) YES B) NO 22. IF YES WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE ASSOCIATION 23. WHEN IT STARTED 24. BENEFITS YOU RECIVING FROM THE ASSOCIATION 1) 2) 3) 4) 25. HOW MANY MEMBERS IN THE ASSOCIATION 26. ARE YOU GETTING ANY SUPPORT FROM THE GOVERNMENT OR GOVERNMENT AGENCIES D) YES B) NO 27. IF YES, WHAT TYPE OF SUPPORT COMMON PROPERTY RESOURSES: 28. ARE YOU AVAILING OR USING THE COMMON RESOURCES IN THE VILLAGE E) WELLS B) LAKES C) PONDS D) BORE WELL E) OTHERS 9. IF NO, WHY? RISK amp; NATURE: 30. WHAT TYPE OF RISK YOU FACED IN FUNERAL WORK F) VOMITING G) RESPIRATORY PROBLEM H) COUGH I) OTHERS J) FIRE ACCIDENTS 31. HAVE YOU UNDERGONE ANY TREATMENT? 32. IF YES, WHERE? K) PHC L) G. H M) LOCAL MEDICAL PRACTIONERS N) OTHERS 33. IF NO, WHY? 34. WHAT IS THE PROCESS IN YOUR WORK OR NATURE OF WORK 35. WHAT IS YOUR PSYCHOLOGICAL FEEL WHEN YOU ARE ENGAGED IN THIS WORK. HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: 36. DO YOU THINK, THAT THIS IS A INFERIOR WORK? O) YES B) NO 37. IF YES? GIVE 2 REASONS 1. 2. 38. DO YOU KNOW THAT FRW IS A BASIC WORK FOR HUMAN BEINGS P) YES Q) NO 39. DO YOU THINK YOU ARE THE WEAPON TO SAFEGUARD THE CUSTOMS AND BELIEF OF THE TRADITIONS? 40. DOES THIS GENERATION OF PEOPLE RESPECT YOU? R) YES S) NO 41. IF NO? WHAT IS THE REASON 42. DO YOU FACE ANY DISCRIMINATION IN THE VILLAGE T) YES U) NO 43. IF YES? WHAT KIND OF DISCRIMINATION 44. DO YOU BELIVE THAT THIS IS A CASTE BASED OCCUPATION? V) YES W) NO

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Effective Assessment Practices Paper - Essay Example Therefore, enrolled medical attendants need to utilize various sources to distinguish answers for clinical practice issues, including perusing through proficient nursing diaries. The following are some of the pros and cons of the various assessment method used in nurse practice: While numerous educators incorporate reflection as part of their practice, fewer use basic steps is crucial to further student’s obligation regarding their learning. High-stake choices incorporate sound appraisal systems that profit both the learner and the clients (Ancess 2000). Once stated, the comprehensive assessment process must approve the information, aptitudes and judgment needed by the student’s medical attendant to practice proficiently and securely. Accessible quantitative and qualitative information has proved that the portfolio might be a valuable and dependable evaluation tool, if the fitting measures and backups are set up also (Ancess, 2000). These backups incorporate furnishing assessors with a sound and comprehensive evaluation tool, and concentrated preparation. Portfolios are suitable as blended reports of their prosperity are developed. Portfolios in post-graduate health awareness instructions are useful in helping intelligent practice, conveying summative appraisal, supporting information administration forms, and are a key association between learning at authoritative and individual levels. However, the length of formal evaluation focuses on the logic of estimation, portfolios are hard to evaluate and require the improvement of similar systems for appraisal (Ancess, 2000). Moreover, they give people a hard time when ranking contributors or certain programs that base on quantity or unvarying processes; all the same, if a person decides to rank nurses’ performance using portfolio, the only way to do it is through judgment, but this

Financial Analysis for Managers DQ4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Analysis for Managers DQ4 - Essay Example In organizations, for the investors' interest, abundance in the company's working capital depicts a positive sign in making financial amendments and integrations internally and also in the market to compete other companies. After globalization, a number of companies are comparing their positions in the market by considering their past and current records and predicting their futures associated with liquidity and solvency of firm's assets (Bernstein et al, 1997). Today the policy makers, especially the governments, deeply observe the trends in variations of the working capital of organizations to impose rules and regulations on them. Even the investment decisions from giant companies are also based on the extent of working capital that a company possesses. Inventories act as the important assets for various businesses and they also influence the revenue generation of different companies. Inventory costs are essential to determine because it affects the income and asset levels. The net income of an organization is dependent on the inventory costs, except for the service organizations, as the net income is directly linked with the costs of goods sold. Inventory costs can be categorized in two ways.

Dystopian Fiction Essay Example for Free

Dystopian Fiction Essay Dystopian fiction is a world where everything is misery and is under strict order by the government and the people have no control and rights in the world they live in. The general reason why authors write dystopian fiction based books is to have criticism on society today or give warnings on the possibility of what could happen to our world and the devastating effects that can happen if we were to have a dystopian world. 1984 is set in a totalitarian society and this book gives us a message that too much government is a bad thing people should be able to have the right and should not be influenced under a totalitarian society. Harrison Bergeron is set in a world where everyone is equal and are handicapped to make sure everyone is equal and nobody can be different the book makes criticism of social engineering allowing stupidity. The calorie man is set in New Orleans and a smuggler Lalji as he tries to bring back fertility in crops and stop genetic manufacturing of food sources and crop and stop the business making the profit. All of these book of us strong warnings of the possibility’s that our world could sir come to, if we don’t treat things with serious care the some mistakes made in the past could be made in the future, and that the world should not be shaped to only be benefited by a single man or company This book is all a totalitarian society. The author of the book is George Orwell, published in 1949, which back then made this books time zone was about the future. This is a story were the world is all controlled by 1 party. This party sets a lot of demands that the society has to follow day by day or they will be punished. The whole society is being watched through electrical devises, whom some are not aware of where they are located. In this story, there is a guy named Winston who is a part of the party whom is making all the rules and restriction for the society to follow. All of a sudden Winston does not want to be a part of the party and starts to give warning to people that there is too much government control and starts to warn people about the danger of living in a totalitarian society. The warnings from this story talk about how the government in the real world are in control of all of us and the fear is that one day they will take privilege of the power and start to make strict restriction just like how the party did in the book. In the book Harrison Bergeron tells a completely different version to 1984 instead of a world of a totalitarianism society it  is in a world where they make everyone equal and compared to the normal world where if you are different to the normal way we live you are silenced, but everyone is given handicaps in order to be equal. His parents one who is handicapped because of his intelligence are watching and he is on TV trying to inspire a revolution against handicapping the gifted, he is then latter shot on TV but his parents are to handicapped to of noticed what had happened. Anyone who has. This has warnings of socials engineering, society being dumbed down in order to be equal and warning about being difference being seen as a bad thing. The calorie man is set in the future were resources have dried up and scientist a genetically making food in the New Orleans, The author Paolo Bicigalupi and warns us of the effects that can happen of corporations having control over food sources and genetic engineering and the corporate control This book offers us warnings against failing to act on climate change, the risk of corporations dominating public life, and the risks of using genetic engineering to solve food problems, the possibility of terminator seeds becoming a reality. That could happen, He wants to give us a warning of intrusting too much to science and not doing anything to save and fix the environmental issues we face today. Story is about Lalji a smuggler who agrees to take a job ferrying a geneticist out of the calorie company’s lands and bringing him to New Orleans. It’s discovered that he has the ability to reintroduce fertility into crops again to break the control of the calorie companies. The purpose of dystopian fiction is to give us warnings and tell us the possibility’s to what could happen under a totalitarian society and it tells us that we should have our own rights and everybody should be equal, The point of 1984 was to tell us the consequences of what happens in a dystopian world and under totalitarian society and government.

Eurobond Essay Example for Free

Eurobond Essay Bonds, mutual funds and stocks are the most prevalent asset categories in business, thus they attract mainly the market’s attention. But other significant investment prospects must also b kept in mind by an investor like futures, options, and currencies. Even though these types of investments are quite complicated and usually aimed at experienced investors, it’s very important to understand how they work or function to enable an investor to decide if these types of investments would play a role in an investor’s overall investment plan. And for an international investor, a Eurobond might be quite an attractive investment to choose. A Eurobond is a bond distributed and exchanged internationally that is denominated in a currency that is not the currency of the market or country where it was distributed. For example, a Eurodollar bond denominated in American dollar maybe issued in other countries other than the U. S. A. like Canada by a German firm. A real-world example of this is a Eurobond launched by the World Bank denominated in Norwegian Krone and listed or distributed in European market, or in Luxembourg to be more precise (World Bank, 2001). Eurobond is a very interesting financing instrument that offers the provider the flexibility of selecting the country in which to bargain their bonds according to that country’s regulatory restrictions. It also gives the provider the free will to decide what currency their Eurobond would be denominated. For an investor, it is also a very appealing financial investment to make because it offers small par values and relatively high liquidity. This gives the investor a good rate of return or cost of capital. But there is an issue for the stakeholder in this type of bond. Since the Eurobond is not subjected to withholding tax, the stakeholder must declare in his / her income tax the revenue attained. Eurobonds are actually classified in five categories: (1) Straight Eurobonds, bonds issued at fixed price with fixed conversion; (2) Variable rate notes; (3) Subordinate issues, bonds wherein the investor’s right to payment is subordinate to the right of the issuers. (4) Assed-backed issues, bonds wherein the credit of the collateral depicts separate assets; (5) Convertibles, bonds that may be traded for shares at a fixed value. To end this discussion, some things must be kept in mind regarding Eurobonds. Eurobonds are tradable tools; its purpose is to be bought and sold for the duration of maturity. Also, Eurobonds are not subjected to taxation and mostly free from government policy and restrictions.

Examining Guillain Barre Syndrome

Examining Guillain Barre Syndrome Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rare immune mediated polyneuropathy that occurs in previously healthy individuals. The purpose of this paper is to provide readers with an understanding of Guillain Barre and conflictions GBS has with other medical resources and diseases. Included in this research paper are topics on origin, symptoms, treatments, medications and conflictions of medical resources with Guillain Barre. Guillain-Barre Syndrome is an acute autoimmune disease that changes the peripheral nervous system and less commonly the motor or cranial nerves. GBS is random producing no warning and is an inflammatory condition that can lead to progressive muscle weakness and paralysis. It is a very rare sight in emergency departments and differentiating its early stages from common viral illnesses is also extremely difficult. Inflammation of the peripheral nerves affect the arms and legs resulting in impaired function, weakness, loss of feeling and limb paralysis with or without pain. Guillain-BarreÂÂ ´ syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated polyneuropathy with a worldwide incidence of 1-4 patients per 100 000 inhabitants (European Journal of Neurology 2008, p. 1332). Disease Name and Synonyms The syndrome was named after the French physicians Guillain, Barre and Strohl, who were the first to describe it in 1916. It is sometimes called Landrys paralysis, after the French physician who first described a variant of it in 1859. (All about Guillain Barre Syndrome. (01-2009) symptoms. Retrieved from http://www.jsmarcussen.com/gbs/uk/symptoms.htm) GBS is not just one disease the syndrome has several variations differentiated by their symptoms, the infections preceding it, the extent of the inflammatory phase, severity, and disorder site. Common variations of the disorder are as follows: Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP) which is the most frequent form of GBS in the Western part of the World. Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN), Acute Motor and Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN) and the cranial nerve variant of GBS called Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS) are all forms of GBS but are not as common as AIDP. Symptoms Symptoms usually begin in the patients feet, face or hands it spread to the arms or legs, it increase in potency as symptoms travel towards the midpoint of the body. The symptoms commonly play a part on both left and right sides of the body. GBS is so irregular that motor symptoms or interferences in the autonomous system may not be detected. It has been reported in rarer cases that GBS has affected an arm or leg without spreading to the rest of the individuals body. (All about Guillain Barre Syndrome. (01-2009) symptoms. Retrieved from http://www.jsmarcussen.com/gbs/uk/symptoms.htm) In some patients, the skin acquires hyperalgesia, or sensitivity to touch intensifies by bed sheets, socks and close-fitting shoes; in severe circumstances pain may limit walking. Patients with symptoms constrained to the feet and ankles may notice related symptoms in the fingertips; as the symptoms expand to the knees they possibly will extend to the wrists. Seldom do these symptoms spread out beyond the knees into other parts of the body. Elevation of leucocytes and protein in the cerebrospinal fluid strongly indicates a diagnosis of GBS. The patient loses the capacity to tell the difference amongst hot and cold, and may feel cold or may possibly start to sweat for no apparent reason. The patients may even receive injures without noticing; their sense of taste can be affected; motor nerve fibers may be damaged as well. The patient encounters a communication interruption between what he wants to perform and his ability to perform the desired act; because the motor nerves regulate movement, the damage inflicted to them triggers partial or complete blockage of the motor signals. The body surface affected by the damaged nerves drops its ability to function normally, causing reduced movement or coordination. The patients muscles dwindle and waste; tendon reflexes are diminished or lost. An example of this is when slightly striking on the front of the patients knee and that act not inducing a kick reaction. Advanced weakening or paralysis could occur, on average arising in the feet, hands or face. The paralysis characteristically consists of more than one extremity, most frequently the legs. The paralysis is persistent and usually rising; expanding to the rest of the limb, and from there may extend to other extremities such as the legs, arms and the remainder of the body. Legs feel heavy; it becomes problematic to stand or climb flight of steps, or even to walk. The patient may struggle holding and manipulating objects, such as pins and buttons. Arms may seem weak and the patient will no longer be able to lift heavy objects. The weakness may possibly be complemented by pain and involuntary muscle contractions. Constipation is more often a predicament, due to the condensed movement of the intestines, modification of diets, declining stomach muscles that contest the physical exertion by the individual to force out the intestinal contents. Around 28% of patients with the syndrome endure and are able to walk unaided. In certain cases, the face could be affected when injury occurs to the cranial nerves. These nerves attach the brain en route to the muscles of the face, tongue and jaw, and also regulate the muscles that move the patients head, neck and shoulders. While the paralysis evolves, all these regions may be paralyzed. The eyelids or one side of the face possibly will hang down resembling Bells palsy; the face loses its ability to express emotions. The individuals voice may change given that the vocal chords are impaired. Speech may be incomprehensible, because the number of muscles required to form speech are declining. Deafness is rare but then again has been reported. The progressive weakness has affected patients with varying intensities, and may be life threatening. The autonomic nerve system may be disrupted with the combination of pain, weakness, and sensory disruptions that are generally so frightening that the more inconspicuous alterations in the patients autonomous nerve system might be unnoticed. The autonomous nervous system controls the inner organs, the organs functions are carried out automatically, examples of this is when the body secrets hormones, creates vision, urination, breathing, heartbeat, etc. It is these functions that may be disrupted, which will result in arrhythmia, unstable blood pressure, blurred or double vision, vertigo, fainting spells, inability to regulate the body temperature, trouble breathing, reduced ability to control the function of the stomach, digestive system and bladder, loss of weight, vomiting after meals, reduced function of various glands, incontinence, impotency, and the bladder may feel as it is not being emptied no matter how many times it is expelled. It is also very well noted that most patients have had a common infection three weeks prior to GBS and it seems that the infection triggers the onset of GBS. Treatment Treatment options for GBS focus on lessening the severity of the symptoms and accelerating recovery. Three main therapies are used to achieve this: intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange and CSF filtration. Intravenous immunoglobulin is understood to block the receptors on microphages preventing an attack on the Schwann cells and myelin. Plasma exchange works by circulating blood through a machine which removes antibodies, and replacing fluid loss with albumin. Cerebrospinal fluid filtration, which removes cells, including inflammatory mediators, is less commonly used. Research suggests that intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange are the most common and effective treatment for GBS, when started within the first 2 weeks of syndromes onset. Quick intervention using either one of these treatments appears to be successful and may possibly reduce recovery time. Both treatments are very good and neither is superior to the other, and there is no advantage to merging these treat ments. The main treatment for GBS is preventing and dealing with the complications (such as breathing complications or infections) and providing supportive care until symptoms begin to improve. This may include; reducing your breathing difficulties, sometimes with the help of a breathing machine, monitoring your blood pressure and heart rate is also good preventative care. Providing adequate nutrition if you have problems chewing and swallowing is also a key to overcoming this syndrome. The patent should attend physical therapy to help maintain muscle strength and flexibility. Preventing and treating complications such as pneumonia, blood clots in the legs, or urinary tract infections. Other treatment of (GBS) depends on how severe your symptoms are. Careful monitoring is very important during the early stages of GBS because life threatening complications can occur within twenty four hours after symptoms first start. Conflictions of Medical Resources with Guillain Barre In 1976, vaccination against a new swine influenza A (H1N1) virus was linked to a substantial increased risk for GBS in the forty two days after vaccination (approximately 10 excess cases per 1 million vaccinations) considerations of ending the immunization program where taken into account despite the circumstantial severity of the influenza viruss transmission around the world. There are certain circumstances in which immunizing individuals, particularly those with a prior history of GBS, may call for caution. However, the benefit of inoculations in averting disease and decreasing morbidity and mortality, particularly for influenza, needs to be weighed against the potential risk of GBS. Destruction of the axonal or myelin membranes could presumably be mediated directly by vaccine virus or vaccine-associated products, or infection or damage of surrounding supporting cells by virus could lead to insertion of virus specified polypeptides into host cell membranes, resulting in a humeral or cell-mediated autoimmune response to the infected cell. Finally, axons or myelin cells could potentially be damaged by the introduction of sequestered myelin antigens into the circulation, inciting autoimmunity. Moreover, it is likely that host factors and genetic polymorphisms may result in a predisposition to GBS in some individuals. Several studies have suggested that various polymorphisms, including genes of the T-cell glycolipid. Recovery Making a prediction about recovery is impossible. Recovery begins as abruptly and mysteriously as when GBS symptoms first started to appear. The symptoms fade gradually, but could take weeks, months or even years to finally get rid of. The development of the disease fluctuates for each patient. Recovery takes 3 to 6 months for most people, and only about two thirds of them ever recover completely. As tingling, numbness and pain dissipates, strength comes back to the affected parts of the body, mostly in the reverse order of sequence as when the signs first appeared. This indicates that in most cases, the arms and fingers will regain their strength prior to the legs, however right handed patients may experience there muscle strength returning to their left hand before their right hand. Axonal damage begins to be repaired; the axon grows little by little and is increasingly wrapped by myelin. The myelin sheath can grow outward in as little as a couple of days, while it could take longer for the body to repair a damaged axon. Example of this is a motor nerve that is regenerated at a rate of 1 mm/day, so it can take weeks if not months to restore a damaged nerve. Demyelination is then repaired by the regeneration of the myelin sheath. The rate of regenerating myelination depends on the amount of damage. The sheath consists of multiple layers that grow back gradually; the myelin has to have a particular thickness prior to the nerve cells recapturing its ability to transmit impulses. The myelin sheath may never regain its normal thickness. These facets decrease the nerve signal transmission speed forever, after the patient has recovered from GBS. Research on the use of treatments that speed up the growth of motor nerves is under way but no one will know when they will arrive or if they will ever arrive. There is no feasible way in predicting which nerves will regenerate. Research states that damaged axons are not restored, and that the surrounding axons send branches out that take over the roles of the impaired nerves, in the affected part of the body. The area could function again, and it may seem as if the muscle has regained full strength, but the muscle and nerves have to work harder to carry out the same job and they end up tiring faster than was the case prior to GBS.

Free Essay: Formalistic Approach to Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer

Formalistic Approach to Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand Young Goodman Brown fully the reader must analyze the story using the formalistic approach.   In class we described the formalistic approach as using allegory, historical background, allusion, and symbolism to interpret a work.   When using these methods of interpretation, the story became clearer to me because I understood some of the historical background that the story was based on, as well as what some of the symbols meant, that I had previously been unaware.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"In allegory (a narrative containing a meaning beneath the surface one), there is usually a one-to-one relationship; that is one idea or object in the narrative stands for only one idea or object allegorically†(p.59).   In Young Goodman Brown the allegory lies in the main character’s desire to walk down the evil path for a little while just to see what it is like, then come back to the good life.   He plans to do this by walking with the man in the forest and then coming back to Faith, his wife, who personifies his faith.   The tricky part about encountering evil is that one must veer from faith, again this is allegorical to his wife and his having to leave her that one night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The historical background to this story helps to clarify why this story is significant and why some things happen during the tale. The Puritans believe in Predestination.   I learned in American history that Predestination was the belief that certain people were destined to go to heaven while the others were destined for a place much less comfortable.   The basis for whom went was up to God and it didn’t reflect on how righteous the person appeared to be on the outside.   This becomes important in Young Goodman Brown because when he hears of and sees people that he believed were good people following the devil, he begins to doubt that anything is good.   Another Puritan practice was to name their children after traits that they found to be admirable such as Faith, Patience, or Young Goodman Brown in hopes that that virtue would stay with them and be prevalent in their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of allusion is also apparent in Young Goodman Brown.   The main character’s wife is named Faith.   This is an allusion to his own faith.   For example, Mr. Brown loses Faith when he goes into the dark woods with the spooky guy that walks with a serpent-staff. Free Essay: Formalistic Approach to Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer Formalistic Approach to Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand Young Goodman Brown fully the reader must analyze the story using the formalistic approach.   In class we described the formalistic approach as using allegory, historical background, allusion, and symbolism to interpret a work.   When using these methods of interpretation, the story became clearer to me because I understood some of the historical background that the story was based on, as well as what some of the symbols meant, that I had previously been unaware.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"In allegory (a narrative containing a meaning beneath the surface one), there is usually a one-to-one relationship; that is one idea or object in the narrative stands for only one idea or object allegorically†(p.59).   In Young Goodman Brown the allegory lies in the main character’s desire to walk down the evil path for a little while just to see what it is like, then come back to the good life.   He plans to do this by walking with the man in the forest and then coming back to Faith, his wife, who personifies his faith.   The tricky part about encountering evil is that one must veer from faith, again this is allegorical to his wife and his having to leave her that one night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The historical background to this story helps to clarify why this story is significant and why some things happen during the tale. The Puritans believe in Predestination.   I learned in American history that Predestination was the belief that certain people were destined to go to heaven while the others were destined for a place much less comfortable.   The basis for whom went was up to God and it didn’t reflect on how righteous the person appeared to be on the outside.   This becomes important in Young Goodman Brown because when he hears of and sees people that he believed were good people following the devil, he begins to doubt that anything is good.   Another Puritan practice was to name their children after traits that they found to be admirable such as Faith, Patience, or Young Goodman Brown in hopes that that virtue would stay with them and be prevalent in their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of allusion is also apparent in Young Goodman Brown.   The main character’s wife is named Faith.   This is an allusion to his own faith.   For example, Mr. Brown loses Faith when he goes into the dark woods with the spooky guy that walks with a serpent-staff.

The Vietnam Wars Effects on American Society Essay -- Vietnam War Ess

The Vietnam War's Effects on American Society Abstract The Vietnam War had a profound effect on American society. It changed the way we viewed our government, the media, and our Constitutional rights. Because of this shift in perspective, the country was torn apart and yet still came together in new and different ways. The Vietnam War's contraversiality spurred a great many sources of protest, against our government's use of power, how far we could stretch the rights of free expression, and primarily against the violence of the war itself. These changes in the behavior of society have left a lasting mark on our perception and the demand to be informed since that influencial period of social turmoil. The Vietnam War's Effects on American Society  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Vietnam War had a profound effect on American society. It provided a contraversial issue that formed a catalyst for a social structure just ready to be provoked. When the American public became aware of the situation at hand, through the recently unchained media, it was only a matter of time before there was some form of action or reaction. The media played a key role in the empowerment of the sway of the people. With the addition of television journelism, a whole new depth was added to how people percieved what they were being told, because there was an added truth to seeing it. People rising and uniting in protest, and journelists bucking the government-imposed censorship began stretching the limits to how far we would take our rights to free expression. There were said to be three stages of the antiwar movements. "The first phase (1964-1965) was idealistic. The second phase (1966-1968) was more pragmatic, a period when young people characteristically protested not on principal but out of a desire not to be drafted and killed. The third phase (1969-1972) coincided with the de- Americanization of the war"(Jeffreys-Jones, 43). In phase one, people either supported the war or thought they had a clear path on how to stop it. At this point, the issue at hand appeared pretty black and white. As the years progressed, into the second phase, the protest became a little more frantic. The realization that the war was real became more apparent, people were being killed and that was that. This revealed several more shades of grey, bu... ... objectors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.geocities.com/~104670/vietnam/authors/75AND4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  602/index.html Heirser, J.M. (1974). Vietnam studies: Logistic support.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Washington D.C.: Department of the Army. Hershberger, M. (1998). Traveling to Vietnam: American peace   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  activists and the war. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University Press. Herring, G.C. (1994). LBJ and Vietnam: A different kind of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  war. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Vietnam 13 Jeffreys-Jones, R. (1999). Peace now! London: Yale   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University Press. Katsiafica, G. (1984). Vietnam documents: American and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vietnamese views of the war. Armonk, New York: M.E.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sharpe. McCormick, A.L. (2000). The Vietnam antiwar movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berkely Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc. "People's Parkers neamed their real goals". (1969, June   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8). San Franscisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle. San   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fransisco. p. 12. Schlight, J. (1986). Indochina war symposium. Washington DC:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  US Government Printing Office. Spector, R.H. (1984, April 7) "Researching the Vietnam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experience". Historical Analysis Series. p. 30-31.

Eminem :: essays research papers

For my research paper, I chose to write about Marshall Mathers. I chose to write about him because he is the best young rapper, and I like how he doesn’t care what happens, he just goes with it. He isn’t a very good role model, but he is funny, and couldn’t care less what anybody says about him. He had a rough childhood that reflects to now, and makes great records and songs that describe his life and what has happened during it. Marshall Bruce Mathers III was born on October 17, 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri. He created his own nickname, Eminem, which is pronounced M&M, from his initials, M.M. Marshall had a harsh and cruel childhood, where he constantly moved between Kansas City and Metro Detroit. When he was a child, he lived with his mother. His mother’s name is Debbie Mathers-Briggs. Eminem has never even seen a picture of his father in his life. Eminem and his mother continued moving and never stayed in one place longer than six months. His mothe r worked very hard and many jobs to provide for herself and Marshall. When Eminem was in school, he used to get beat up every day. There wasn’t one day when he didn’t get beat up by the same group of kids, just for being himself. One day those kids almost killed him, and Eminem went into a coma. The day after he got out of the hospital, they moved again. Eminem continued to move back and forth from his mothers to his grandmothers, until the age of 11, when he and his mother settled in Detroit for good. Marshall first started to get into rap when he was 14. Some of his musical influences growing up were the Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, and Run DMC. As Eminem persued his rapping career, he would often hustle radio stations into playing his self-made tapes, to get some publicity over the radio waves. Marshall felt that his rapping career was starting to take off. He was getting some big calls to rap in major places and he thought everyone has started to love him. Soon, he fou nd the love of his life, Kim. They had a baby girl together, named Hailie Jade, on December 25, 1995. Eminem decided to release his first full-length album in 1996 called Infinite. It was somewhat of an experimental thing, but the record did not sell any copies.